The aim of the conference paper was to present the results of a study that dealt with the long-term effects of pair housing of calves compared to individual housing. We focused on the date of the first successful insemination, health and production parameters at the first lactation and the change in behaviour (physical activities) when moving between production groups. The results show that pair housing does not bring any disadvantage in the studied parameters of Holstein dairy cows in the first lactation compared to individual housing.