Despite the year-on-year rise in costs and the fall in the farm-gate milk price, 143 dairy farms in the Czech Republic were profitable on average in 2023. With average costs after deduction of CZK 10.47 per litre and milk purchase price of CZK 11.13 per litre, the profit amounted to CZK 0.65 per litre of milk sold without subsidies. When comparing breeds, milk yield levels, farming areas and milking frequencies, the most significant differences were found in feed costs, which represent the highest component of total annual costs (44 % in 2023). Higher feed costs per cow per year were observed on Holstein farms. The dependence of feed costs on milk yield has been demonstrated. For Holstein farms not using robotic milking, the economic parameters of enterprises with 2x or 3x daily milking were compared. Farms milking 3 times a day had 14 % higher costs per cow per year (higher mainly feed costs and cow depreciation) but 4 % lower costs per litre of milk (lower mainly labour costs).