Cattle breeding is an important area of the domestic agricultural sector, with a long tradition in the Czech Republic. According to the Ministry of Agriculture’s strategy for 2030, milk and beef are among the key commodities in terms of maintaining the appropriate structure of Czech agriculture. Annual milk production in the Czech Republic is constantly increasing, which, given the almost stable number of dairy cows in recent years, is mainly due to the growth in dairy cow productivity. The average milk yield per cow in the Czech Republic is one of the highest in the EU and ranks among the highest in the world. In 2024, an average of 361 dairy cows were breed in the Czech Republic, with an average milk yield of 9,573 liters per cow, representing an annual milk production of 3,460 million liters. Compared to other countries, the Czech Republic also has a long-term high proportion of cows involved in milk recording systems (in 2024, the proportion was 96.9 %). In recent years, the stable cattle population has also contributed to the stable level of slaughter cattle production, which is estimated at 176,600 tons of live weight in 2024. Cow’s milk and beef are among the few agricultural commodities that are self-sufficient in production in the long term. The export of raw milk and live cattle, especially to neighboring countries, is therefore significant.