A number of external and internal factors affect the breeding of dairy cattle, which are reflected in the economy in varying degrees. As a rule, factors do not act in isolation, but in mutual interaction. Among the main factors influencing the economy is the price of milk. Depending on supply and demand, the price of milk has fluctuated significantly in the past year. In recent years, the price was the highest in 2022, during which it grew rapidly in the Czech Republic and in other EU states. Between January and December 2022, it increased from 41.81 to 57.14 EUR per 100 kg, i.e. by 37%. However, current forecasts regarding milk purchase prices predict their decline for 2023. In addition to the price of milk, production costs fundamentally affect the profitability of production. In contrast to purchase prices, they do not fluctuate so much from year to year, and from a long-term perspective, their increasing trend. In dairy cattle farms, the highest and therefore the most monitored items are the costs associated with the purchase and own production of feed and labor costs.