This year marks 20 years since the Czech Republic became part of the EU. In 20 years, dairy cow numbers, average milk yields and total milk production have increased globally. This is estimated at 966 million tonnes in 2023, of which cow’s milk accounts for the largest share. Global milk production is also projected to increase in the future, but production is not expected to increase in all regions of the world. The EU-27 is a significant world producer, accounting for around 20% of world milk production each year. In the EU, dairy cow numbers have declined in recent years and further declines are estimated. In recent years, productivity has increased, which has boosted overall milk production. However, productivity is expected to increase more slowly in the coming years and milk production is expected to decline on average in the EU-27. Production from Czech farmers accounts for about 2% of EU production. In the Czech Republic, dairy cow numbers have decreased by 18% since EU membership, milk yields have increased by 56% and milk production has increased by 30%. Over the last ten years (2014 to 2023), the farm-gate milk price has fluctuated significantly and is in the Czech Republic on average 9% lower than the EU average. In contrast, the cost per cow per year has increased each year (average growth rate of 4%). Due to the increase in productivity, the increase in the cost per litre of milk has been lower (2.1% per year). On average, for the set of farms in the Czech Republic between 2014 and 2023, the cost after deductions was 9.09, the price 9.07 and the profit without subsidies -0.02 CZK per litre of milk. Over the same period, the average daily IOFC was 117 CZK per cow.