We analyzed the results of cattle welfare inspections made by the State Veterinary Administration in farms in the Czech Republic, focusing on both dairy and beef calves. The aim was to identify factors influencing inspection outcomes, highlight the most frequent violations, and assess long-term trends in compliance. Data were obtained from the SVA’s information system (OIS SVS), covering 4,197 inspections conducted between 2016 and 2023. Inspection outcomes were strongly influenced by the type of inspection, herd size, and whether farms were subsidy claimants. Planned inspections by Central and Regional SVA tended to detect fewer violations, whereas unplanned visits and follow-up inspections after previous findings were more likely to reveal non-compliance. Larger herds and farms receiving subsidies showed lower detection rates compared to smaller, non-claimant farms. Although the overall number of inspections declined over the study period, the probability of detecting welfare deficiencies varied from year to year, with a slight upward trend. Differences between dairy and beef calves were also observed. In dairy calves, violations were less frequent in individual housing compared to group pens or free-range systems, though calf age was not considered in this comparison. Housing-related deficiencies predominated in dairy farms, while nutrition and watering issues were most common in beef calf operations. Specific recurring problems in dairy calves included missing ear tags, inadequate lying areas, tethering, prolonged individual housing beyond eight weeks,
insufficient bedding, poor hygiene, and lack of access to water. Overall, the findings offer a detailed insight into the implementation of calf welfare inspections and the factors that shape their results. The study highlights areas where welfare standards are most frequently compromised and identifies structural and procedural factors that impact inspection effectiveness. These results can support the State Veterinary Administration in refining inspection methodologies, targeting high-risk situations, and improving compliance across calf farming systems. By identifying both systemic and farm-level determinants of welfare violations, the work contributes to the ongoing effort to safeguard animal welfare and enhance the efficiency of regulatory oversight. Important note: An inspection without findings indicates compliance with legislation, but not necessarily better welfare of the inspected animals.