Cattle and dairy cattle numbers are growing worldwide, and average milk yield is also increasing. This also increases the total production of milk, which is an economically important agricultural commodity worldwide. A condition for maintaining the current conditions, production and self-sufficiency of the Czech Republic is the long-term achievement of an adequate level of profit. Profitability is affected by a lot of internal and external factors, which are reflected in the economic results in in varying intensity. Much depends on the price of milk and input prices. The price of milk has fluctuated in the past and is currently growing and will continue to grow in the future. The costs of Czech farms are determined through a questionnaire. For the year 2021, the average costs after deducting calves and manure were 83 779 CZK per cow and year and 9.42 CZK per liter of milk sold for 120 dairy farms in the Czech Republic. Between 2010 and 2021, total costs increased by 39% per cow and year and by 14% per liter of milk sold. There was a significant difference between the farms according to the breed, farming area and according to the achieved average milk yield per cow. The difference in production and economic parameters was also confirmed according to the frequency of milking per day. Significant fluctuations in milk purchase prices caused significant differences in the profitability of production in previous years.