The major areas of livestock production in the Czech Republic include cattle breeding, respectively milk and beef production. Most countries seek to maintain self-sufficiency in the production of important agricultural commodities and reduce over-reliance on imports. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the self-sufficiency of milk and beef in the Czech Republic in comparison with EU countries. In this paper, self-sufficiency was expressed as a percentage and calculated as a proportion of production and consumption. In both commodities, the Czech Republic has been self-sufficient for a long time, but a significant part of raw milk and slaughter cattle is exported, especially to neighboring countries, and dairy products and beef are imported back to the Czech Republic. The EU-27 is also self-sufficient in cow’s milk and beef, although there are considerably differences between member states. In particular, the countries of Southern Europe often do not reach 100% self-sufficiency.