Cow milk yields are the highest in the EU compared to other continents. This is reflected in the fact that only around 7% of the world’s dairy cows are kept in the EU-27, while the share of global milk production is estimated at up to 20%. However, there are differences between EU Member States in cattle farming intensity, milk production, self-sufficiency and, of course, economic performance. Germany, France, Italy and Poland have the highest annual cow’s milk production and, together with the Netherlands, these five countries accounted for around 66% of milk supply in 2022. The Czech Republic’s share of EU production in recent years was around 2%. The Czech Republic stands out among Member States for its above-average milk yield, which is among the highest not only in the EU but also globally. In 2022, milk supply per hectare of agricultural land in the Czech Republic was 899 kg, similar to the EU average, but there were fewer cattle per 100 hectares of agricultural land (39) than the EU average (46). In 2022, the highest level of self-sufficiency was achieved in Denmark and the Czech Republic was ranked sixth among the countries assessed. When comparing the results of farms in the EU (according to FADN data), it is clear that the highest costs are in the Netherlands and Denmark, below the EU level were the costs in the Czech Republic and the lowest costs were in the Baltic countries and Eastern European countries.